isaac hale father of emma smith

After concluding their new Methodist minister was more interested in money than he was in fulfilling his ministerial duties, Comfort wrote, My Dear Son if this is christianity or Methodism How I have been deceived for more than thirty eight years.284. Isaac Hale. Before James Westfall purchased the large William Smith tract, it served as alocal landmark with its three ancient apple trees near what were believed to be traces of an Indian village.264 After Westfall purchased the property from Smith, it did not have the apple trees; but, according to Blackman, he still found on it the poles of the wigwams and several pits containing charred corn and an immense quantity of clippings, showing that arrow-heads were manufactured here on a large scale.265 George Catlin interviewed a Native American man while producing his famous paintings, and the man told Catlin his family had to leave the region when he was a young man and they could not take everything with them. The oldest sons of Isaac and Elizabeth Hale were mature when the family finished their frame home, and they may have preferred their independence staying in the log home where they had grown up. Let come what will, youve got to bear ittaint no use to flinch. As he viewed the land, Rose pushed through thirty miles of woods, setting up a camp at a location occupied the week before by some indians.225 His dress was a hunting shirt, trousers and mockasons226which helped him blend in with the locals, such as Jesse Hale who was described as six feet in his moccasins. Despite the backwoods clothing, however, the wealthy Rose had little in common with the Hale family or their neighbors, and he brought with him a notion of gentility then common in his native Philadelphia. Various sources spell Emmas nickname differently, including Emmy, Emey, and Emy. As Alva Hale sat on a jury September 3, 1827, just a few weeks before he rode to New York to pick up his sister Emma and her new husband and bring them back to the valley, the court described him as among the good and lawful men sworn to render a verdict.307 The citizens of Harmony Township frequently elected Alva constable, and he often traded the position with Joseph McKune or John Comfort. It was here on April 30, 1831, that Emma gave birth to premature twins, Thaddeus and Louisa; both babies died hours later. 6 Moved to Wells, Albany Co., New York (later in Rutland Co., Vermont), ca. In a small area were the basement was not expanded, few artifacts were found, which suggests that the original log home had a wooden floor made of hewn timbers or hand sawn lumber. The play takes place in the Hale home in Harmony, Pennsylvania, where Isaac Hale lives with his wife, Elizabeth, and his strong- willed daughter, Emma. They returned to Pennsylvania in December 1827 to live near her family and work on the translation of the Book of Mormon. He watched his father bury a kettle of gold but kept it secret for many years. 213. Goodrich,The State of Vermont Rolls of the Soldiers in the Revolutionary War, 17751783, 208209. He had been hired by Josiah Stowell, of South Bainbridge, New York, to dig for Spanish treasure. 14. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tarbell_john_3E.html. [18] Emma died peacefully in the Nauvoo House[citation needed] on April 30, 1879, at the age of 74. He may have also visited his father, Reuben Hale, or older brother, Reuben Hale Jr., both veterans of the recent war, or with his sisters Naomi and Antha (Diantha) Hale. Tax Assessment, Great Bend Township, 1823, Susquehanna County Courthouse. But Lewis clearly increased his ties to the movement shortly after the Pickering death. Public Member Trees - Ancestry.com But Lucy, who was not there at the time, may have misunderstood Josephs recounting the events, since Isaac Hale suggested that it was Afterthese occurrences, [when the treasure diggers abandoned the project and left, that] young Smith made several visits at my house to court his daughter. His headstone reads Zachariah Tarble, contemporary property deeds use that spelling, as do local histories, e.g. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. He quickly found himself alone in the darkness surrounded by the cries of howling, ravening wolves, and greedy bears, in these regions of barreness. In that isolated country, Colbert found the occasional smoky cabin tucked back from the river hidden in the woods. Her family was glad to see her. 163. Albert Clarke, Methodist Episcopal Church, Lanesboro, Penn., Centennial Celebration, March 35, 1912, Susquehanna County Historical Society. [citation needed] She had persuaded John Taylor and Joseph Smith to call the organization the "Relief Society" instead of the "Benevolent Society". Letter For My Wife Rebuttal, Part 6: The Early Church - The Translation [B]Two topics that are often misunderstood in Latter-day Saint circles are those of folklore and what is sometimes termed "folk magic." When we hear those words, as a people we tend to think of something negative or spiritually dangerous. 21. VIDEO: The Discovery of the Book of Mormon | Scripture Central . 258. Joseph Smith letter to Emma Smith, Nov.12, 1838, Community of Christ Archives, Independence, Missouri. Tavern owners needed a license from the county to operate their business. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. MarkL. Staker, A Comfort unto My Servant, Joseph: Emma Hale Smith (18041879), in RichardE. TurleyJr. and BrittanyA. Chapman,eds., Women of Faith in the Latter Days, Volume One, 17751820 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2011), 345,349. I checked these facts after listening to a recent podcast with Grant Palmer here. Gehiel (Hiel) Lewis, a younger nephew of the Hales, wrote of Isaac, he was converted [to Methodism] under the ministry of Rev. He selected a piece of property in the Susquehanna Valley for what he called his plantation, ordered long lists of specific trees and vegetable seed from distributors in England, and hired two menIsaac Hale and Nathaniel Lewisto clear part of thirty acres of land during the winter of 1800-1801 in anticipation of his settling the area. Some historians have emphasized Isaac Hales adversarial relationship with Joseph Smith, and others have suggested there may have initially been a more cooperative relationship between the two. But she did not need to offer them prominence in the community. A key element of their religious activity was the use of divining rods to receive revelation. James T. Dubois and William J. Pike,The Centennial of Susquehanna County(Washington, D.C.: Gray and Carlkson, Printers, 1888), 72. She later married Major Lewis C. Bidamon in 1847. . Her mother Elizabeth Lewis Hale died in 1842. See Bushman,The Refinement of America,especially xii. But he was more interested in preparing formal, well-polished sermons than in getting out to serve the poor or minister to his community. They introduced a variety of doctrinal innovations through revelation, and they discussed using their rods to find treasure to finance a New Jerusalem.83 While it is not clear if Woods followers identified themselves by a particular name, it may have been something akin to modern Israelites or Jews.84Outsiders called them Rodsmen. A gaping hole grew in his neck, and he became emaciated until he looked like a living skeleton.159 The Lewis family moved into the Pickering log home to better care for him. In June1844, immediately preceding her husbands death, Emma wrote, I desire with all my heart to honor and respect my husband as my head, ever to live in his confidence and by acting in unison with him retain the place which God has given me by his side.7. Her mother, Elizabeth, was too ill to travel. Early map makers of the region acknowledged their lack of information about the area by writing Endless Mountains across a large section of unmapped land without trying to include details they did not know.33The name stuck and is still used for the region today. Emma Hale Birth: 10 July 1804 Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States Death: 30 April 1879 Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illinois, United States Remains: 1879 Smith Family Cemetery, Hancock County, Illinois, United States Father: Isaac Hale (1763-1839) Mother: Elizabeth Lewis (1767-1842) Skills: Cornelius Wilson Larison, ed.,Sylvia Dubois: A Biografy of the Slav Who Whipt Her Mistres and Gand Her Fredom(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 5657. 21:31, Isa. Men spent their winters felling trees and dragging them over the frozen ground to the river where they floated logs to sawmills powered along its banks. Letter For My Wife Rebuttal, Part 6: The Early Church - The Translation For details about John Lewis as minister in Harmony, New York, see, Elder John Lewis, and Harmony, Feb. 22, 1826, Elial T. Foote Papers, Chautauqua County Historical Society; McClurg Museum, Westfield, New York, 2:37 and 26:137. Lewis and family have, for two months, lived in the small house we built in 1801. . Although he did not purchase his own land, by the end of that year he was taxed for 54 acres without cattle or taxable houses. Florence Hartley,The Ladies Book of Etiquette, and Manual of Politeness(Boston: G. W. Cottrell, Publisher, 1860), 124. 261. In winter there was no other way save by foot-paths. Augustus B. Easton, ed.,History of the Saint Croix Valley(Chicago: H. C. Cooper Jr. & Co., 1909), 2:1115; Commonwealth vs. Jason Treadwell, Susquehanna County Court of Oyer and Terminer, August 1824, Susquehanna County Courthouse, Montrose, Pennsylvania; Staker and Jensen, David Hales Store Ledger: New Details about Joseph and Emma Smith, the Hale Family, and the Book of Mormon; Byron Hale, Reuben Hales Obituary, March 21, 1887; John Travis to Jesse and Isaac W. Hale Deed, April 30, 1827, Susquehanna County Deed Books, 6:255. Emma Hale Smith - Joseph Smith Jr and Emma Hale Smith Historical Society Jesse moved his fifteen-year-old bride immediately into her new frame home. 15. 170. While Emily Blackman took a consistently negative approach in her description of Isaac Hales relationship with Joseph, she also acknowledged: It is thought that Mr. Hale was a little deluded at first, as well as others, in regard to Joes prophecy. Blackman,History of Susquehanna County,103. Rose overcame his melancholy feelings as he worked to create a place for his intended bride. These added kitchens were typically known as work kitchens until the 1840s. Records, Letter to Church Leaders in Jackson County, Missouri, 25 June [20], On November 6, 1832, Emma gave birth to Joseph Smith III in the upper room of Whitney's store in Kirtland. Despite the difficulties of poverty, displacement, and persecution, Emma and Joseph maintained a deep love for and bond with each other. Aaronic Priesthood Restoration Monument Site Improvements: Hale Precontact Site and McKune Barn Site, Rensselaer, New York: Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc, May 2012. But the reflection is more than human nature ought to bear, and if God does not record our sufferings and avenge our wrongs on them that are guilty, I shall be sadly mistaken. Isaac later described Elizabeth as my esteemed friend and wife of my youth.56 His perspective of husband and wife relationships is suggested in later trial testimony where Isaac recalled a neighbor had asked if he could borrow a canoe to carry his wife and children down to Munsons [Tavern] where his wifes mother lived. Hale responded, I told him [the] canoe was not fit to carry women in.57 Hale also shared the view of his contemporaries that a prospective husband needed to have a home and property prepared for his prospective bride to set up house before he could marry her.58 When Isaac left Vermont, Elizabeth was barely thirteen. It had one roughly eight feet square chamber on the main level attached to the kitchen and either two large upstairs sleeping chambers ten feet deep by thirteen feet wide or four small upstairs chambers less than ten feet deep by six feet wide. REVOLUTIONARY WAR VETERAN --- This brief bio text was created by Tim Troxell, who initiated Mr. Hale's memorial: Isaac Hale was born to Reuben and Diantha (Ward) Hale. This was when Isaac helped build the Lewis home and just before he built his own. Wells Town Clerk, Land Records, A: 23. Upon Joseph's death, Emma was left a pregnant widow. Catlin,Life among the Indians,4548. Husband of Elizabeth (Lewis) Hale married 20 Sep 1790 in Wells, VT. Descendants. [11] Emma first met her future husband, Joseph Smith, in 1825. 71. When the Harmony Turnpike crossed the Pennsylvania state line, the Allegheny Mountain foothills began their gentle rise. As the foliage colors warmed and deepened, Hale joined his efforts with Buck at Ouaquaga where he hunted for meat while Buck gathered frost-bitten corn growing unattended in the fields. This conclusion is supported by a shift in the tax record on December 31, 1823, when David was taxed for one house and his fathers assessment dropped from two houses to one.254 Davids financial ledger from the period also indicates his store was on or near his fathers property by 1824, and the log home is the only candidate for both a residence and store.255, George Peck wrote notes on each sermon he delivered at Isaac Hales, he recalled he preached at . libra lucky number 2021; stubben tristan dressage saddle review; isaac hale father of emma smith. . Hale Farm, left of center line; Morse Farm, top right of center. Privacy Policy. Emma also compiled a second hymnal by the same title, which was published in Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1841. See Day,Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania, 61924). Mary Bryant Alverson Mehling,Cowdrey-Cowdery-Cowdray Genealogy: William Cowdery of Lynn, Massachusetts, 1630, and His Descendants(n.p. Blackman,History of Susquehanna County,92. Courtesy LDS Church History Library, Money Hole in trees behind boy and dog to the left; Hale apple and pear orchard, center right. Royal R. Hinman, comp.,A Historical Collection from Official Records, Files, &c of the Part Sustained by Connecticut, During the War of the Revolution(Hartford: E. Gleason, 1842), 25, 29. Longtime Harmony resident John Comfort called it the Susquehanna Valley, John Comfort, letter to Silas Comfort, December 24, 1836, Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse, New York. While Hale family members continued to participate in these meetings, some members of the family may have been among the many backsliders in the valley. isaac hale father of emma smith isaac hale father of emma smith. But an examination of overall land values suggests a modest drop in value between 18601861 from $600 to $575 which may indicate the removal of a rear kitchen or other modest structure on the property. Since Carmalt turned all of his uncollected debts to Rose when he left the valley, it is likely Hale purchased the Carmalt land through Rose as well. The words purported meaning of place of hulled-corn soup may have had reference to several pits containing charred corn Buck and Hale found near the ancient apple trees.44 No matter who named the mountain, that name permanently connected the Hale family and their mountain to the Onandaga people who lived there before. Collection of the, LDS Church History Department. 168. George B. Cone to Electa Jewett, letter, Fall 1824, Susquehanna County Historical Society. Upham,Life of Timothy Pickering, 4:119. This is the same denomination the family belonged to while living in Connecticut. Lyman H. Bagg, Marriages in West Springfield, Mass.The New England Historical and Genealogical Register,July 1881, 232. She described one of these homes in which achinkin the wall was its only window, the panes being irregular bits of glass fitted in as well as they could be, and in dark weather it was necessary to light a candle to do the washing.. Disagreements erupted between Emma and Brigham Young, President of the Quorum of the Twelve, over the extent to which both the Smith family and the Church had a right to properties in Josephs name and were liable for his debts. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. In December 1827 Joseph began work on the Book of Mormon. 102. 189. They went as far as the rift or rapids, where they left their canoes, and walked past the rapids, then took passage in a large canoe around by my fathers. He did much of his hunting on Turkey Hill, across the river southwest of his home, and in the surrounding mountains. Nathaniel Lewis dedicated much of his time during that year to working for the Unitarian Timothy Pickering and assisting the dying Tim Pickering in his last hours, but he was also likely involved in Methodism by then, since he had preached for years in Vermont before marrying and coming to Pennsylvania. During the investigation of the murder of Oliver Harper, Isaac Hale was called out of his home one evening barefoot. The original tax booklet as prepared by Comfort and Hale included columns for different rates of land (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and unimproved) and a column each for houses, mills, horses, oxen, cows, and occupation. Debates about who should be Joseph's successor as the leader of the church also involved Emma. Hartgen, Report, and Hartgen Archeological Field Investigations. While the site did not yield wine glasses or other drinking paraphernalia common to tavern sites, it did yield an abundance of white clay pipe stems and bowl fragments often found at tavern sites. David followed on March 6, 1794. People of all faiths and perspectives are welcome to engage in civil, respectful discussion about topics related to Mormonism. Emma was supportive of Smith's teachings throughout her life with the exception of plural marriage and remained loyal to her son Joseph Smith III in his leadership of the RLDS church.[6]. January 18, 1827 Emma is married to Joseph Smith, Jr. by Zechariah Tarble at South Bainbridge (later Afton), New York. isaac hale father of emma smithnatural hair salon hyde park, chicago. [11], On March 17, 1842, the Ladies' Relief Society of Nauvoo was formally organized as the women's auxiliary to the church. In a short time they returned, bringing with them a Peter Ingersol, and subsequently came to the conclusion that they would move out, and reside upon a place near my residence. Photograph by Mark L. Staker, Knife and two forks, found on Hale Farm. isaac hale father of emma smithwhere to privately print photos. Since Isaac Hale was in the valley several years before he settled it with his family, it is likely he arrived after Hale was first there. Some thought it might not have been buried on Block Island but on the nearby Thimble Islands just off the coast from Nathaniel Lewiss childhood home and a few hundred feet from the much smaller Lewis Island. 292. In 1807 Francis Asbury, the first Bishop of the American Methodists, planned a trip through the Susquehanna Valley to follow up on recent conversions by ordaining local preachers, organizing congregations, and leading a large revival. Emma Hale - Fuller Consideration After Jesse Hale built a home on his fathers property, Isaac was taxed for three homes until he transferred twenty-six acres of his property to Jesse, and his sons home was taxed separately. Arah began to build a second, larger home until the dam to his mill gave out and destroyed his home and livelihood. 7 Nevertheless, white settlers developed their own mines in search for hoped riches. As "protecting the morals of the community" became her mission, Smith supported the public confession of sins; on this subject, Smith called the women of Nauvoo to repentance with "all the frankness of a Methodist exhorter. 280. Joseph Smith's Witchcraft, Scrying and Arrest 1820 - 1827 On September 22, 1827, Joseph and Emma took a horse and carriage belonging to Joseph Knight, Sr., and went to a hill, now known as Hill Cumorah, where Joseph said he received a set of golden plates. 237. He was hunting deer and when near this place saw a young Panther about half grown standing on a fallen tree. . Joseph Smith left no record of what he thought of the Isaac and Elizabeth Hale farm and recently expanded home when he first encountered them at nineteen. She became a physical witness of the plates, reporting that she felt them through a cloth, traced the pages through the cloth with her fingers, heard the metallic sound they made as she moved them, and felt their weight. 1833, June 14, 1832. Anderson,Lucys Book,361; an unidentified interviewer who signed his notes as Abel, recorded aninterview with one of Emmas sons, David Hyrum Smith, and wrote down Davids description of his mother as, a little over medium highth . Robert C. Ritchie,Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates(Cambridge, Mass. On his deathbed Isaac could not resist mentioning Joseph Smiths name, while Joseph wrote in his own history how his wifes father had acted under Divine providence in his defense.316. agreed with Lucy Smiths account, arguing Joseph began courting while still at the Hale farm, stating a group of money diggers boarded at his [Isaacs] house [when]JS [Joseph Smith] began courting Hales daughter Emma. Michael Hubbard MacKay, Gerrit J. Dirkmaat, Grant Underwood, Robert J. Woodford, and William G. Hartley, eds.,The Joseph Smith Papers,Documents Volume 1: July 1828June 1831(Salt Lake City: Church Historians Press, 2013), 347. In July 1830 the Lord outlined her mission, in a revelation: Thou art an elect lady, whom I have called. Samuel Stanton, who first helped settle Harmony Township built a 12 x 14 foot cabin with no windows, slabs split from logs for the door, and hemlock bark for a roof. He was a Farmer. . (Isaac divided up a farm he had sold to his son Jesse and sold the northern rocky portion to Morse and the southern arable portion to his son-in-law Joseph Smith); but Morse may have planted Indian corn somewhere else more susceptible to mountain shade, such as Isaacs island in the middle of the river, which Morse plowed late in the season on July 11 and 13, 1828. Upham,Life of Timothy Pickering,4:11923; Blackman,History of Susquehanna County,95. A local member of the Presbyterian congregation Zachariah Tarble was named after his uncle Zachariah who was captured by Indians as a young boy, along with a brother and sister, and taken into Canada where he became a Mohawk chiefa source of family pride.54 The younger Zachariah Tarble became a local Justice of the Peace and performed the marriage of Emma Hale and Joseph Smith Jr. His cousin Thomas Tarble married Daniel Bucks daughter Mary and worked on Abel Stowells farm.55. . Wells Town Clerk, Land Records, F:9. See Jirah Mumford & Co., in the Harmony Township Tax Assessment records from 18261831. They most frequently got it from Spanish treasure ships. Included in this list but not in the original directive was malt houses. John Comfort wrote his son on Christmas Eve 1836 of the Hale family exodus. 309. She was the same age as Oliver Cowderys older brother Warren and could name some of the individuals involved with the Rodsmen but was uncertain of Cowdery family involvement. The flatter land along the river was initially used for family gardens, but after the famous pumpkin freshet of August 1794, when the river flooded and swept the settlers food supply downriver, settlers grew timothy grass and clover resistant to flooding along the river that provided winter hay for their livestock.112Only a narrow strip of land on the ridge that followed the floodplain on the north side of the river-supported gardens.113. Sherman Day outlined Roses management of Carmalts lands and suggests he acted as an agent for Carmalt when the latter left the region. . They also dressed, grained, and tanned deer hides for their neighbors. 203. 43. 235. 176. Some of the survivors of this massacre fled north to Canada and fought for the British in Vermont. He recalled, the corn was good, but late, and the frost killed it. Vogel, Joseph Lewis Rejoinder, 11 June 1879,Early Mormon Documents,4:311. 135. Remembering Emma Hale Smith, the first president of the Relief Society Whatever the ultimate motivation for Hales decision to ignore the controversy, after having worked one summer in Connecticut, he concluded to try the West.29. Emma left the Susquehanna Valley and the Hale family for the last time, never to see her parents and many other relatives again. Twas there that I first saw my wife, he recalled.15 This daughter, named Emma but called Emmy by her friends, was described by a neighbor as a pretty woman; as pretty a woman as I ever saw.16 She was eighteen months older than Joseph, and although the Hales had another daughter also living in the house, blued-eyed and fair skinned Tryal Hale who was a little less than a year younger than Joseph, the young man was drawn to brown-eyed, dark haired, olive complexioned, and noticeably intelligent Emma. ), his question mark after the date expressing some uncertainty as to when Buck was replaced. Their father, Isaac, spent his time in the backwoods and had no known formal education. His lack of education and resources contrasted with Emmas respectable situation, but she was immediately impressed with his character and morals. isaac hale father of emma smith - vesinhcleanup.com He covered the meat with locally gathered salt to keep it from spoiling, holding it into place by heavy stones until snow covered the ground, and he could drag the meat filled troughs through the woods over the snow. This is the same Oliver Cowdery, whose name may be found in the Book of Mormon. Chaffee,History of the Wyoming Conference, 49. This contained 304 hymn texts. . There may have been an additional Lewis son who became a preacher, but John and Nathaniel are the only two known. Methodists in the township met at either one home or the other for worship services, elections, court sessions, or other community events. That fall, Joseph obtained the gold plates and continued his mission of being an instrument in the hands of God in restoring the gospel. In 1777 fifty-nine-year-old grandfather Ward was killed at Addision, Vermont, while fighting against General Burgoyne and a large Native American force that had mostly come from the Susquehanna Valley in northern Pennsylvania after 1,200 American soldiers burned their villages and massacred their families.22 In 1780, when Hale was seventeen, he enlisted, along with his uncle David, to fight under Colonel Ebenezer Allens command as they sought to prevent Canadian military raids into the Mohawk Valley. Exceptional Service, Affordable Process isaac hale father of emma smith. 121. (Rutland: Tuttle & Co., 1869), 33; see also, Almon Chandler Hopson, Wells,Vermont Historical Magazine,in Abby Maria Hemenway, ed.,The History of Rutland County, Vermont: Civil, Ecclesiastical, Biographical and Military(White River Junction, Vt.: White River Paper Co., 1882), 1191. Benson Bobrick,Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution(New York: Penguin Books, 1997),50-51, 148. The only child of theirs to be baptized after the controversy began was Isaac and Elizabeths daughter Emma, who was baptized by Buck not long after her birth in 1804, just before Methodism arrived in the valley.173, The slave Sylvia Dubois attended the same congregation where Emma was baptized and described it as the Calvinistic faith . Also available as A Study of the Origins of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the States of New York and Pennsylvania, 18161831, Dissertations in Latter-day Saint History (Provo, UT: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History; BYU Studies, 2000). Joseph Lewis recalled his childhood home where he lived with his father, Nathaniel Lewis, as our home and residence,Joseph and Hiel Lewis, Mormon History. Emma thou art blessed of the Lord, for thy faithfulness and truth, thou shalt be blessed with thy husband, and rejoice in the glory which shall come upon him. 1 Joseph Smith Jr. (1805-1844), was a treasure seeker. Remains of the stone portion of a stringer fence along the Carmalt eastern property line. 315. Rumors concerning polygamy and other practices surfaced by 1842. About this time, Martin Harris made his appearance upon the stage; and Smith began to interpret the characters or hieroglyphics which he said were engraven upon the plates, while Harris wrote down the interpretation. Silas Gildersleve, letter to Family, September 18, 1823, John Comfort Correspondence, George Fisk Comfort Papers, Syracuse University Special Collections; see also, Charles Wentworth Upham,The Life of Timothy Pickering(Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1878), 4:116. In July 1798 Congress ordered a direct tax on the real property of Americans, known popularly as the window tax, this required that every family in the country have their home appraised. He may have also sailed ships himself. The modest headstones the men could see as they traveled were made by stonemason J. W. Stewart, known for years as Coffin Man. But it was Oliver Harpers large, ornate headstone just to the south of the two simple ones that would have likely been the focus of any discussion the men had with its neatly chiseled inscription announcing Harper had been robbed and murdered the previous year on March 11, 1824. The author wrote, Meantime Deacon Stowell purchased a farm at Susquehanna and moved his family there from Afton.

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