list of guards at nuremberg trials

I never really got to know him very well during the few months before he was released, commented Prestianni, but at one time he tried to teach me an intricate German card game, but I never could catch on to it. They had a profound affect on my dad, who always said, I would never want to be killed by hanging. Yet, the constables who allegedly murdered my Dad did just that. One can only imagine the effect the pounding had on the condemned prisoners, now with only one more day to live. Text Size:thredup ambassador program how to dress more masculine for a woman. That was enough. Colonels from all four countries were running around trying to determine how it happened.. Another favorite was Alfred Jodl, former chief of the operations staff of the Army high command, who was found guilty and executed. He was usually confrontational and argumentative with the other prisoners. Despite this precaution, such limited, semiamicable relationships did exist. It was supposed to pass to me, but my brothers widow lost it and it has not been turned over to me. In July 1945 the 98 th set up operations in a hospital in Munich, and several months later Col. Burton C. Andrus, prison commandant at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice, requested Gerecke's service. Before his execution, he aligned himself with Jodl and, to a lesser extent, Raeder and Dnitz, the military clique. [174] The judges interpreted crimes against humanity narrowly; they determined that crimes against German Jews before 1939 were not under the court's jurisdiction because the prosecution had not proven a connection to aggressive war. On 1 October 1946, 12 death sentences were passed down by the judges of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg on some of the most high-ranking and influential members of Nazi Germany. My father was also a guard, but he said he always was on the outside guarding. The Nuremberg Trials: Table of Contents | Indictments | Defendants & Verdicts Click Left/Right to Scroll American guards maintain constant surveillance over Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg prison. [175][176], Four organizations were ruled to be criminal: the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the SS, the Gestapo, and the SD, although some lower ranks and subgroups were excluded. was on Court room duty. After one of those accused, Robert Ley, former director of the nations Labor Front, hanged himself from a drain pipe with a torn towel, prisoners were kept under constant visual surveillance by guards, and while sleeping were forced to do so with their faces and hands exposed above their blankets at all times. While on duty, guards carried no weapons, only wooden truncheons. The most infamous of the female prisoners during Prestiannis tour of duty was Ilse Koch, known to guards as the Bitch of Buchenwald. With her husband, Karl Koch, the camp commander, Ilse often rode a horse through the camp compound, whipping prisoners. [132][169] Through a compromise among the judges, the charge of conspiracy was narrowed to a conspiracy to wage aggressive war. [139] Some defendants denied their involvement in, or knowledge of, certain crimes,[140] even resorting to implausible lies. Prestianni also favorably related to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the notorious chief of Germanys security police and a behind-the-scenes prime mover at the January 1942 Wannsee Conference where the proposed extermination of Jewry in central Europe was discussed by top Nazis. In July 2020, Dey was found guilty and given a two . Asked whether the 60-year myth about Streicher struggling for 20 minutes at the end of the hangmans rope was true, Prestianni said guards never witnessed the hanging and he had not heard any such rumors at the time, but guessed it could have happened. Other Units at Nuremberg were The US Constabulary, the 793rd MP . Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (December 1946 - April 1949) Some, over time, even grew to despise him. The SA, the Reich Cabinet, and the General Staff and High Command were not ruled to be criminal organizations. My mother had pointed his photo out to me on several occasions but I was too young to remember. [37] Nineteen states ratified the charter and were admitted as observers. [133], Inspired by the films shown by the American prosecution, the Soviet Union commissioned three films for the trial: The German Fascist Destruction of the Cultural Treasures of the Peoples of the USSR, Atrocities Committed by the German Fascist Invaders in the USSR, and The German Fascist Destruction of Soviet Cities, using footage from Soviet filmmakers as well as shots from German newsreels. These sketches were given to guards who requested them and to prison officials. Public to Get Access to Nuremberg Trials Digital Recordings Afterwards, during the Berlin Blockade, they took part in securing Allied facilities involved in the Berlin Airlift and later also were guarding USA Army headquarters. You can contact me via email at RebeccaLeuchter@aol.com. After encountering a you tube video by accident I have a different answer. Martin Bormann was tried and condemned to death in absentia, and Hermann Gring committed suicide before he could be executed. Like the Nazis, he was afraid (rightly) that his "God" would kill him if he refused. Most of the time the prison was dank, uncomfortably cold, and forbidding, especially during the winter months. At least Im out here and you are in there, said the former guard. Prisoners and guards were forced to wear heavy scarves to ward off the penetrating cold. The trials were not fair, though not in the way you are suggesting. In one report i read, it mentioned that "K" Company of the 26th Inf., 1st Div. Prestianni played checkers and chess with four of the prisoners and argued politics with others. [1] The defendants included some of the most famous Nazis, including Hermann Gring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel. [151], In order to appease concerns about fair process, the defendants were allowed a free hand with their witnesses and a great deal of irrelevant testimony was heard. I did nothing to be here, he stated. The only part of the French charges that were accepted by the judges was the deportation of Jews from France and other parts of Western Europe. At the time, I saw these men only as individual prisoners, guilty of unknown crimes. I sure would like to find out more about his service. [36][35] On 8 August, the Nuremberg Charter was signed in London. [134] The second film included footage of the liberation of Majdanek and the liberation of Auschwitz and was considered even more disturbing than the American concentration camp film. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, Stay up to date with all of our latest news, Joachim von Ribbentrop's body after his execution. He, like the others, was always bumming cigarettes or cans of Prince Albert tobacco for his pipe. [183][184] The judges proved their independence from the governments that appointed them, the defendants were seen as receiving due process, and the evidence of guilt amassed by the prosecution was overwhelming. The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.. Koch was later tried at Buchenwald and sentenced to life imprisonment. Your Moms birthday and maiden name. These visits usually were brief, and participants were separated by a screen. He was not tall at all and didnt really stand out in any way from the others, Prestianni said. [117] The French prosecutors, more than their British or American counterparts, emphasized the guilt of the German people;[118] they barely mentioned the charge of aggressive war and instead focused on forced labor, economic plunder, massacres, and Germanization. The Federal Research Division (FRD) is a fee-based research and analysis unit within the Library of Congress that produces world-renowned and nonpartisan products to support research-informed policy- and decision-making. Goehring gave my Dad a notebook that he had drawn in. Other prisoners were outspoken in their condemnation of Hess as a traitor to the Fatherland when he flew to England in May 1941, ostensibly to arrange a peace between Hitlers Germany and Great Britain. Guards were, on occasion, somewhat lenient and allowed some prisoners, based on previous friendships and compatible personalities, to walk in pairs. She kept a scrapbook which had photos of her group and many signatures of court officials and army officers commending them for their service. [233] In 1950, the International Law Commission drafted the Nuremberg principles to codify international criminal law, although the Cold War prevented the adoption of these principles until the 1990s. Did guards favor some prisoners over others? Institutional rivalries hampered the search. The film, compiled from footage of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps, shocked both the defendants and the judges, who adjourned the trial. Nrnberg trials, Nrnberg also spelled Nuremberg, series of trials held in Nrnberg, Germany, in 194546, in which former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal. [228][24] The charge of crimes against humanity, the charge of conspiracy, and imposing criminal penalties on individuals for breaches of international law were also novel but attracted little criticism. [90][91] The bringing of conspiracy charges also slowed the trial, as the same evidence ended up being read out multiple times, when it was relevant to both substantive and conspiracy charges. The International Military Tribunal set up by the . There was no physical contact, and all conversation via microphone was closely monitored by a guard standing behind each prisoner. They were put under guard at a hotel and taken to court with armed MPs to trial each day. The seventh series of Ravensbrck trials was held between July 2nd and July 21st, 1948 to hear the cases of Aufseherin accused of maltreatment of prisoners and making selections for the gas chambers. Verdicts were handed down on October 1, 1946. All war crimes prisoners ate from a single German menu. [186] These trials were held under Law No. Twelve of the defendants would be sentenced to death. By early 1946, Western prosecutors were uneasy about the Katyn charge, although they never publicly rejected it for fear of casting the entire proceedings into question. When Hess exercised or sat on a bench in the courtyard it was always alone, a single, disheveled old man staring at the courtyard bricks. Ambassador to the United Kingdom 193638. They wanted to run the whole show. Sixteen of these captives were guarded by Pfc. We needled him by saying his girls wanted to abandon the Fatherland, marry Americans, and emigrate to the United States.. [208][209] Many Germans lumped criminal trials with denazification, internment, and confrontation with the concentration camps, as illegitimate victor's justice and the imposition of collective guilt. [48] The French judges were Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, a professor of criminal law, and alternate Robert Falco, who had represented France at the London Conference. [181] All three acquittals (Papen, Schacht, and Fritzsche) were based on a deadlock between the judges; these acquittals surprised observers. "[1][163] The judges did not attempt to define aggression[164] and decided not to mention the retroactivity of the charges in the verdict. [45] At Jackson's recommendation, the United States appointed judges Francis Biddle and John Parker. His remembrance of duty at Nuremberg remains vivid. [71][72] The military leaders were Hermann Gring, Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Erich Raeder, and Karl Dnitz. [49][48] The French government tried to appoint staff who were not tainted by collaboration with the Vichy regime; some appointments were of those who had been in the French resistance. [235] In the 1990s, a revival of international criminal law included the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), which were widely seen as part of the legacy of the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials. [158][136] In contrast to the opening prosecution statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. Keitel was one of ten defendants hanged in the Palace of Justice in the early morning hours of October 16, 1946. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [228] The most controversial charge was crimes against peace. William L Shierer "the Rise and Fall of the third Reich", part IV, Nuremberg-chapter, the United States committed the same breach, Last and Near-Last Words of the Famous, Infamous and Those In-Between, "The International Military Tribunal for Germany", The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_defendants_at_the_International_Military_Tribunal&oldid=1114903079, Successor to Hess as Nazi Party Secretary. [18], At the London Conference, held from 26 June to 2 August 1945, representatives of France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States negotiated the exact form that the trial would take. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). Throughout the trial, he steadfastly maintained his innocence, saying they had arrested and charged the wrong person. Waffen-SS Soldiers Guarded the Nuremberg Trials Mark Felton Productions 1.82M subscribers Subscribe 81K 4.3M views 2 years ago Unbelievable but true - an entire unit of former Waffen-SS. At this time, 24 former Nazi leaders were charged with the perpetration of war crimes, and various groups (such as the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police) were charged with being criminal in character. Only Speer stood in the courtroom showing some remorse and, in an act of contrition, admitted his guilt and knowledge of the camps. He never repented for anything he ever did. [240] The IMT is one of the most well-studied trials in history, and it has also been the subject of an abundance of books and scholarly publications, along with motion pictures such as Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) and The Memory of Justice (1976). He was a true Nazi all the way in every way, Prestianni recalled. Hitler's Minister of Economics; succeeded Schacht as head of the, Hitler's Deputy Fhrer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in an attempt to broker peace with the United Kingdom. In return, he often was rewarded with cigarettes, pipe tobacco, or other small items he coveted. Answer (1 of 3): Yes, he was a German lawyer named Otto Stahmer from Kiel. Number 5 was Albert Speer, Hitlers personal architect and confidant. The United States delegation outlined the overall Nazi conspiracy and criminality of Nazi organizations. They were told they would be part of history. [61], The problem of translating the indictment and evidence into the three official languages of the tribunal, as well as German, was severe due to the scale of the task and difficulty in recruiting interpreters, especially in the Soviet Union. [201], At the same time as the Nuremberg Charter was finalized, the Allies also signed the Potsdam Agreement, which provided for the mass expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe, so that certain acts for which Nazis were convicted at Nuremberg were therefore made an official policy of the Allies. [47] Although the chief British judge, Sir Geoffrey Lawrence (Lord Justice of Appeal), was the nominal president of the tribunal, in practice Biddle exercised more authority. Trial issues are criminal activities or subjects at issue in a trial that are addressed by a document. [217][218] The last prisoner was released in 1958. By creating an Aryan nation, the world would look up to and envy Germany for its racial purity.. Goring had been given a list of approved lawyers by the US authorities, but rejected every name on it. [46], The French prosecutor, Franois de Menthon, had just overseen trials of the leaders of Vichy France;[37] he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Auguste Champetier de Ribes. I would have kept my distance from them.. The . I rather liked him for the way he acted toward us. In most respects, fraternization between guards and prisoners was closely monitored by those who set the policies for the prisoners confinement. Twelve sets of trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a . My dad was a guard at the trials he had a Picture of himself standing behind the prisoners he died at 86 in 2015 the picture is gone and he never wanted to talk about he was a sgt and received a purple heart. Had been imprisoned since then. In the prison cellblock, each single-occupant cell had two parallel heating pipes beneath a single, heavily scratched, plastic-covered window, the top half of which could be tilted open for limited ventilation. By special arrangement with a guard or prison official, he gave his handwritten notes to be mimeographed and returned to him. Q. The first of the trials was the Major War Crimes Trial, in . An accomplished horseman, Streicher continued to wear high leather boots and riding britches during his confinement. There were limits to how much gore that could be tolerated by some of the courtroom guards, he recalled. [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. . [180][172] On 16 October, ten were hanged, with Gring committing suicide the day before. [157] Over the course of the trial, crimes against humanity and especially against Jews (who were mentioned as victims of Nazi atrocities far more than any other group) came to upstage the aggressive war charge. The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials tried major war criminals, but of lower ranks than those tried in the first trial. 23rd September 2021 at 5:18pm. After 216 court sessions, on October 1, 1946, the verdict on 22 of the original 24 defendants was handed down. I inherited all of it. If anyone knows how I can verify that he was a guard, please let me know. Dnitz, who was named successor to Hitler during the waning days of the war and served 10 years in prison, remained aloof. A further 12. list of guards at nuremberg trialsdelpark homes sutton list of guards at nuremberg trials. [155] In the context of the brewing Cold War, the trial became a means of condemning not only Germany but also the Soviet Union. My Dad was murdered, hanged, when I was 5 years old in 1965. Two of the six were acquitted, two given prison terms and two sentenced to death. The tribunal consisted of a member plus an alternate selected by each of the four signatory countries. One of the new USA light tanks (M24) on guard outside the courthouse at Nuremberg. Mark Felton Productions. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. Number 2 was given to Karl Dnitz, former grand admiral of the German Navy. For the subsequent trials held by the United States, see, "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. Again, without a word being spoken, the door was slammed shut. [2] They were indicted for: Bragging of his ability to mass murder millions of Jews, Frank never admitted to his brutal inhumanity during the war crimes trial but was sentenced nonetheless to hang. What was the name of that individual? The IMT focused on the crime of aggressionplotting and waging aggressive war, which the verdict declared "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole". He recently passed in January of 2020 at the age of 91. Procurement is quick and merely requires an . In addition to this brass pot I have three skeleton keys to the cells that held the Nazi war criminals, as well as a pair of wooden spoons used by them. Two and a quarter hours before he was to be executed he took poison under the.

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