How will this installation affect the weight and balance of the aircraft? Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Care must be taken to display only a small amount of material and to make the material as simple but meaningful as possible, Numerous other useful print items may be considered as supplemental training aids. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consecte adipi. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. In studying jet propulsion, for example, the student might begin by considering the action involved in releasing air from a toy balloon and finish by taking part in a discussion of a complex gas turbine engine, Do not be afraid to omit "less important" information at first in order to simplify the learning process. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Finally, although the overhead projector is simple to operate and requires little maintenance, it has disadvantages. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. A participant lacking SBT instruction must search his or her memory to link a maneuver to a situation, The incorporation of SBT as part of the lesson is discussed in more detail later in this chapter, as well as in Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, Decision-based objectives are designed specifically to develop pilot judgment and ADM skills. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. Usually the instructor has to interrupt the students efforts for corrections and further demonstrations. The instructor can use questions to determine the experience and background of the students in order to tailor the lecture to their needs, and/or to add variety, stimulate interest, and check student understanding. Normally, students should not be asked to discuss a subject without some background in that subject, The techniques used to guide a discussion require practice and experience. Learning evolves as a result of the students interactions with the game, and these games usually promote the development of critical thinking skills, Not every aviation learning objective can be delivered via this teaching method, but it should prove to be a useful tool in the instructors tool box as the number and content of educational games increase, Cooperative or group learning organizes students into small groups who can work together to maximize their own and each others learning. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many formats. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. The established criteria or standards to determine whether the training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot certificates. In many cases, these terms are used interchangeably, but there are important differences, A curriculum is a set of courses in an area of specialization offered by an educational institution. The following information provides a framework for successfully conducting the guided discussion, A guided discussion lesson is introduced in the same manner as the lecture. Research into how people learn has been ongoing for almost one hundred years. The following four steps should be followed in the planning phase of preparation: Establishing the objective and desired outcomes, In all stages of preparing for the teaching lecture, the instructor should support any point to be covered with meaningful examples, comparisons, statistics, or testimony. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. In the previous example, the criteria may include that navigation from point A to point B be accomplished within 5 minutes of the preplanned flight time and that en route altitude be maintained within 200 feet. Any of these may be appropriate at one time or another. In general, if a two-dimensional representation will satisfy the instructors requirement, it should be used, Test preparation material applies to an array of paper, video, and computer software products that are designed by commercial publishers to help student applicants prepare for FAA tests. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. Use of these questions and projects as part of the syllabus helps an instructor ensure that all subject areas for a particular class have been covered, There are many ways to incorporate design features in training materials in order to facilitate regulatory compliance, required endorsements, and recordkeeping. Availability, feasibility, or cost may impose realistic limitations. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. For example, consider a video presentation given during the weight and balance lecture. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards in actual flight. This preparation should start well in advance of the presentation. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. Suspendisse ultrices hendrerit a vitae vel a sodales. Instructional aids are not selfsupporting; they support, supplement, or reinforce what is being taught. Likewise, military pilots use flight training devices or flight simulators to prepare for flying aircraft, such as the A-10, for which there are no two-seat training versions. If the discussion has revealed that certain areas are not understood by one or more members of the group, the instructor should clarify or cover this material again, As with any training method that involves discussion, students are encouraged to listen to and learn from their instructor and/or each other. Telling a story or a joke that is not related in some way to the subject distracts from the lesson. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. In most instructional situations, the instructors explanation and demonstration activities are alternated with student performance efforts. This method uses collaboration and can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation such as an independent aviation instructor might encounter. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" Facts and ideas that have been logically organized can be concisely presented in rapid sequence. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. Although some schools and independent instructors may develop their own syllabus, in practice, many instructors use a commercially developed syllabus that already has been selected by a school for use in their aviation training program. In the intervening years, PBL has helped shift the focus of learning from an instructor-centered approach to a studentcentered approach. female attractiveness scale with pictures; osdi 2021 accepted papers For this instructor, effective management of the classroom promotes learning. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. Faulty habits are difficult to correct and must be addressed as soon as possible. Visual aids must be visible to the entire class. It normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of assessment criteria, and indications of desired outcome, A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented. The 250 hours of flying required to take the exams must take place in an actual cockpit. Continental Flight 1943 was the only DC-9 to land gear up at KIAH in 1996. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. It can be made immediately after the discussion of each learning outcome to bring ideas together and help in transition, showing how the ideas developed by the group relate to and support the idea discussed. The instructor provides assistance when needed, but he or she needs to remember that learning to solve the problem or task without assistance is part of the learning process. First, the material presented can be erased, allowing the surface to be used again and again; and second, the boards serve as an excellent medium for joint student-instructor activity in the classroom. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. In addition, they can be drawn on a chalk or marker board and can be duplicated. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. This short lecture is followed by instructor-student and student-student discussion, This method relies on discussion and the exchange of ideas. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. flight instructor determines if an applicant can demonstrate the ability to meet English language requirements. The instructor must logically organize the material to show the relationships of the main points. Only after reasonable competence has been demonstrated should the student be allowed to practice certain maneuvers on solo flights. Sarcasm and/or ridicule should never be used, since they inhibit the spontaneity of the participants. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. The following paragraph is an example of one such accident, "The private pilot was on a visual flight rules (VFR) crosscountry flight when he began encountering instrument conditions. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. When practical, they should encourage student participation. For example, once the instructor decides how the student will accomplish the objective, most of the work that determines the elements of the lesson and the schedule of events has been done. In this case, the instructor may have little control over their use. During a formal lecture, the speakers purpose is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain with little or no verbal participation by the students. 108/5 1 . . . 70160 Keep in mind that it takes time to recall data, determine how to answer, or to think of an example, The more difficult the question, the more time the students need to answer. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. This overview can alleviate a significant source of uncertainty and frustration on the part of the student, As indicated in chapter 1, training objectives apply to all three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, values), and psychomotor (physical skills). The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. If writing has been previously prepared, it should be covered and then revealed one step at a time, If necessary, use a ruler, compass, or other devices in making drawings, Use the upper part of the board. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. Second and perhaps most important, this module will provide instructors with the guidance needed to develop their own FITS-based training curricula. A complete outline tends to distract students and makes a logical presentation difficult. In some school situations, the designers of the curriculum determine the use of instructional aids. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. An important factor is chart format. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. For example, Marks closest friends bought him a ticket for a playoff game at their alma mater and they paid him to rent an airplane. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. Each student should be encouraged to accept responsibility for contributing to the discussion and benefiting from it. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. The main advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery and retention, Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver instruction when the instructor and student are separated, is another advantage to e-learning. [Figure 4-8], In the teaching lecture, simple rather than complex words should be used whenever possible. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. In this way, the students are encouraged to make contributions that supplement the lecture. Within seconds, what is perceived as the most important information is passed to the working or short-term memory where it is processed for possible storage in the long-term memory. All lettering and illustrations must be large enough to be seen easily by the students farthest from the aids. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. The data also support that when a condition occurs requiring a maneuver, the SBT participant responded quickly and more accurately than the participant trained only under the maneuver-based approach. Numerous studies have attempted to determine how well instructional aids serve this purpose. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. Once again, open-ended "what if" problems encourage the students an opportunity to develop HOTS, A case study is a written or oral account of a real world situation that contains a message that educates the student. He also made sure the computer and projector were in working order. Main Menu. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. [Figure 4-3] And, finally, a training course outline within a curriculum is the content of a particular course. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. For example, collaborative, student-led, instructor-led, or working group strategies are alternatives to a pure form of group learning. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. For example, the specific words, "a leak in the fuel line" tell more than the general term "mechanical defect", Another way the instructor can add life to the lecture is to vary his or her tone of voice and pace of speaking. Colors, when used, should provide clear contrast and easily be visible, The usefulness of aids can be improved by proper sequencing to build on previous learning. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. The instructor said the incident might have been a catalyst for the rule's implementation in 1981. Notes may be written legibly or typed, and they should be placed where they can be consulted easily, or held, if the instructor walks about the room. Juni 2022; Beitrags-Kategorie: xrp fee calculator; Beitrags-Kommentare: . [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. In the discussion, the instructor should be certain that the main points discussed build logically with the objective. In order to present the lesson on weight and balance, Bob has taken the theoretical information presented in previous chaptersconcepts and principles pertinent to human behavior, how people learn, and effective communicationinto the classroom. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. Since charts may consist of a series of single sheets or be tied together in a flip-chart format with several pages, the location and handling of them should be planned in advance, A graph is a symbolic drawing which shows relationships or makes comparisons. The pilot informed the controller that he was low on fuel and needed to land as soon as possible. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. Often combined with traditional task and maneuver training within a given scenario, decision-based objectives facilitate a higher level of learning and application. Instructional CDs and DVDs, in comparison, are perceived as much less exciting and less stimulating visually. It could be a private pilot certificate, an instrument rating, or an AMT certificate or rating. As noted earlier, a PTS already has many of the elements needed to formulate performance-based objectives. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. He was wrong. They can focus on the area they either need to study or want to study For example, a maintenance student who wants to find information on the refueling of a specific aircraft could use a CAL program to access the refueling section, and study the entire procedure. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. This type of summary is one of the most effective tools available to the instructor. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. It is extremely expensive, and versions with a head-mounted display sometimes produce unfavorable side effects, For those engaged in aviation training, the challenge is staying abreast of technological changes that apply to training and adopting those that are the most useful and cost effective. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. If a desired capability is to navigate from point A to point B, the objective as stated is not specific enough for all students to do it in the same way. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design.